# BPC-157 Medicine — References

> Complete citation list for all BPC-157 research summaries published on this site, with DOIs and PubMed/PMC links.

Every citation used across this site, with DOIs and links to the original publications.

## Full Citation List

The citations below correspond to the numbered references used throughout this site. Outbound links go directly to PubMed, PubMed Central, or the publisher's DOI resolver.

## References

[1] Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[2] Wu MY, et al. Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Scientific Reports. 2020. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7555539/
[3] Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066–19077. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6271067/
[4] Klicek R, Sever M, Barisic I, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in Clinical Trials as a Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PL14736), Is Effective in the Healing of Colocutaneous Fistulas in Rats: Role of the Nitric Oxide-System. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2008. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Pentadecapeptide-BPC-157,-in-clinical-trials-as-a-Klicek-Sever/e3b3fd491ab4aed0b3455223eb10b3795f15348f
[5] He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/
[6] Perovic D, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and lead to functional recovery in rats. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2019. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6604284/
[7] Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8275860/
[8] Sikiric P, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11053547/
[9] Demirtas H, et al. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11857380/
[10] Sikiric P, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion — safety data. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022. [Safety data from He et al. 2022 limit test.] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9794587/
[11] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Current Neuropharmacology. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27138887/
[12] Sikiric P, et al. BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions, but Maintaining, Promoting, or Recovering Their Essential Protective Functions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12567428/
[13] Sikiric P, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Full and distended stomach, and vascular response. Inflammopharmacology. 2006. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-006-1531-7
[14] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2024;30(10):12–17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384668401_Effect_of_BPC-157_on_Symptoms_in_Patients_with_Interstitial_Cystitis_A_Pilot_Study
[15] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2025;31(5):20–24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[16] Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. Sports Health. 2025. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15563316251355551
[17] Sikiric P, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21295044/
[18] Review authors (multiple). Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (PMC). 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/
[19] Shanghai Anti-Doping Laboratory investigators. Stable Isotope Labeling-Based Nontargeted Strategy for Characterization of the In Vitro Metabolic Profile of a Novel Doping BPC-157 in Doping Control by UHPLC-HRMS. Molecules. 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10650108/
[20] Lee E, Padgett B. Intraarticular injection of BPC-157 for knee pain (pilot study). Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/
[21] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325560/
[22] Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/
[23] Tohyama Y, et al. Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyltryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life Sci. 2004;76:345–357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15531385/
[24] Boban Blagaic A, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;512:173–179. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15840402/

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An editorial record of peer-reviewed research — not a clinic, not a vendor, and not a prescription.